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Definition

定義

Hypertension, or "high blood pressure", is defined as a reading of 140/90 on three consecutive measurements at least six hours apart. The definition varies for pregnant women, where hypertension is defined as 140/90 on two consecutive measurements six hours apart.

高血壓的定義是：連續(xù)三次測量結(jié)果140/90，每次間隔至少6小時。妊娠婦女有所不同，其測量結(jié)果為連續(xù)兩次140/90，間隔6小時。

Types

分類

Hypertension is classified as either primary (or essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension has no specific origin but is strongly associated with lifestyle. Primary hypertension is responsible for 90 to 95 percent of diagnosed hypertension while secondary hypertension for 5 to 10 percent. Secondary hypertension is caused by a preexisting medical condition such as congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, or damage to the endocrine (hormone) system. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) may appear in otherwise healthy women after the twentieth week of pregnancy. It is more likely to occur in women who are overweight or obese. However, understanding of the categories of blood pressure may be of some help: normal - Less than 120/80; prehypertension - 120-139/80-89; Stage 1 hypertension - 140-159/90-99; Stage 2 hypertension - 160 and above/100 and above.

高血壓分原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性兩種。原發(fā)性高血壓無特定起因，它與生活方式關(guān)系密切。原發(fā)性高血壓在已確診病例中所占的比例為90——95%，繼發(fā)性為5——10%。繼發(fā)性高血壓是由疾病引起的，如充血性心力衰竭、腎衰、肝衰或內(nèi)分泌（激素）系統(tǒng)受損。懷孕第二十周的健康婦女可出現(xiàn)妊娠性高血壓（PIH），超重或肥胖婦女得PIH的可能性更大。了解血壓類型可能對你會有所幫助：正常——120/80，超常高值——120-139/80-89，1級高血壓——140-159/90-99，2級高血壓——160及以上/100及以上。

Causes

病因

The exact causes of hypertension unknown, several factors and conditions may play a role in its development, including: smoking, being overweight, lack of physical activity, too much salt in the diet, too much alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks per day), stress, older age, genetics, family history of high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, adrenal and thyroid disorders.

高血壓確切病因未知，但有些因素和疾病對高血壓形成有關(guān)，如：吸煙、體重超重、缺少體力活動、攝鹽過多、飲酒過多、緊張、年老、遺傳、家族史、慢性腎臟疾病、腎上腺和甲狀腺疾病等。

Symptoms

癥狀

Nearly one-third of those who have hypertension don't know it. The only way to know if you have hypertension definitely is to have your blood pressure checked. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including: severe headache, fatigue or confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine,

近1/3高血壓患者不知道自己有高血壓。知道自己有高血壓的途徑是血壓檢查。如果血壓特高，有些病癥就應引起注意：劇烈頭痛、疲勞或意識模糊、視力出現(xiàn)問題、胸痛、呼吸困難、心跳不規(guī)則和血尿等。

Population at Risk

高危人群

Hypertension is very common, especially in elderly patients. It is difficult to determine its exact incidence. In younger patients, hypertension is more common in men but in elderly populations the ratio is reversed in favour of women. The incidence of hypertension increases progressively with age. Generally, the population will be more at risk of developing hypertension: people with family members who have high blood pressure, people who smoke, African-Americans, women who are pregnant, women who take birth control pills, people over the age of 35, people who are overweight or obese, people who are not active, people who drink alcohol excessively, and people who eat too many fatty foods or foods with too much salt. form cddzsc.cn

高血壓很常見，尤其是老人，所以，確切的發(fā)病率較難確定。年輕病人以男性較多，老年人則偏向女性。高血壓發(fā)病率可隨年齡增長而增加。一般說來，高血壓危險較高的人群有：家族中有高血壓者、吸煙者、非裔美洲人、妊娠婦女、服用避孕藥婦女、35歲以上、超重或肥胖者、不活動者、過量飲酒者、及過多食用高脂和高鹽食物者。

Outcomes

后果

Hypertension is a serious condition that can damage the heart and blood vessels, and can eventually lead to several other conditions, including: stroke, heart failure, heart attack, kidney failure, and vision problems.

高血壓是一種嚴重的疾病，可以破壞心臟和血管，并最終導致多種疾病的發(fā)生：中風、心力衰竭、心臟病發(fā)作、腎衰和視力疾病。 醫(yī) 學教 育 網(wǎng) 搜集

Treatments

治療

Hypertension is typically treated by making changes in your lifestyle, and with drug therapy. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, stopping smoking, eating a healthy diet (such as the DASH diet, which includes lowering sodium but including daily servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods), and getting enough exercise, especially aerobic exercise. Several types of drugs are available to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (i.e., Nifedipine, Atenolol, Candesartan cilexetil, Irbesartan, Pindolol, Captopril, Oxprenolol hydrochloride, Losartan potassium, Propranolol hydrochloride, Carvedilol, Felodipine, Frusemide, Diltiazem hydrochloride, Hydrochlorothiazide, Irbesartan, Metoprolol tartrate, Telmisartan, Fosinopril sodium, Amlodipine besylate, Olmesartan, Ramipril, Spironolactone, Eprosartan mesylate).

治療高血壓主要是通過改變生活方式及藥物療法。改變生活方式包括減輕體重、戒煙、健康飲食（DASH飲食，即減少鈉的攝入，在日場飲食中多吃水果、蔬菜和全糧食品）和多運動，尤其是有氧運動。治療高血壓的藥物包括腎上腺皮質(zhì)抑制劑、血管緊張素受體阻斷劑、利尿劑、β阻斷劑、鈣通道阻斷劑(如硝苯地平、阿替洛爾、坎地沙坦西脂、依貝沙坦、吲哚洛爾、卡托普利、鹽酸心得平、洛沙坦、鹽酸普萘洛爾、卡維地洛、非洛地平、呋塞米、鹽酸地爾硫卓、氫氯噻嗪 、依貝沙坦、美托洛爾、替米沙坦、福辛普利鈉、氨氯地平、奧美 沙坦、雷米普利、螺內(nèi)酯、依普羅沙坦)。

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